Ezinhlelweni ezivamile zokwelashwa kwamanzi, ama-flocculants asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-aluminium nosawoti wensimbi, ama-salts e-aluminium asele emanzini ahlanzekile azobeka impilo yomuntu engozini, kanti usawoti wensimbi osele uzothinta umbala wamanzi, njll; kokuningi Ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile, kunzima ukunqoba izinkinga zokungcoliswa kwesibili ezifana nenani elikhulu lodaka kanye nokulahlwa kodaka okunzima. Ngakho-ke, ukufuna umkhiqizo wemvelo ongabangeli ukungcoliswa kwesibili kwemvelo ukuze kuthathelwe indawo usawoti we-aluminium nosawoti wensimbi kuyisidingo sokuqalisa amasu entuthuko esimeme namuhla. Ama-polymer flocculants emvelo adonse ukunaka okukhulu phakathi kwama-flocculants amaningi ngenxa yobuningi bemithombo yawo yezinto ezingavuthiwe, intengo ephansi, ukukhetha okuhle, umthamo omncane, ukuphepha nokungabi nobuthi, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo okuphelele. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka okuthuthukiswa, inani elikhulu le-polymer flocculants yemvelo enezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kuye kwavela, phakathi kwayo isitashi, i-lignin, i-chitosan ne-vegetable glue esetshenziswa kabanzi okwamanje.
I-ChitosanIzakhiwo
I-Chitosan iyi-amorphous emhlophe, i-translucent flaky solid, engancibiliki emanzini kodwa encibilika ku-asidi, okuwumkhiqizo we-deacetylation we-chitin. Ngokuvamile, i-chitosan ingabizwa nge-chitosan lapho iqembu le-N-acetyl ku-chitin lisuswa ngaphezu kwama-55%. I-Chitin iyingxenye eyinhloko yama-exoskeleton ezilwane nezinambuzane, futhi iyinhlanganisela yemvelo yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-cellulose. Njenge-flocculant, i-chitosan iyimvelo, ayinabo ubuthi futhi iyabola. Kunamaqembu amaningi e-hydroxyl, amaqembu e-amino namanye amaqembu e-N-acetylamino asatshalaliswa ochungechungeni lwe-macromolecular ye-chitosan, engakha i-cationic polyelectrolyte ene-high charge density kuzixazululo ezine-acidic, futhi ingakha izakhiwo ezifana nenethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa ibhondi ye-hydrogen noma i-ionic. izibopho. Ama-molecule ekheji, ngaleyo ndlela ahlanganise futhi asuse ama-ion amaningi ensimbi anobuthi nayingozi. I-Chitosan kanye nokuphuma kwayo kunezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, hhayi kuphela kwendwangu, ukuphrinta nokudaya, ukwenza amaphepha, imithi, ukudla, imboni yamakhemikhali, i-biology kanye nezolimo kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi inamanani amaningi okusebenza, kodwa futhi ekuhlanzeni amanzi, ingasetshenziswa. njengama-adsorbent, ama-flocculation agents, ama-fungicides, ama-ion exchangers, amalungiselelo e-membrane, njll. I-Chitosan ivunyelwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency njenge-ejenti yokuhlanza amanzi okuphuza ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziyingqayizivele ekufakweni kwamanzi kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi.
Isicelo seI-ChitosanEkuhlanzeni Amanzi
(1) Khipha izinto eziqinile ezilenga emanzini. Emanzini emvelo, iba uhlelo lwe-colloid olunecala elibi ngenxa yokuba khona kwamabhaktheriya obumba, njll. Njenge-polymer cationic chain ende, i-chitosan ingadlala imisebenzi emibili yokungathathi hlangothi kukagesi kanye ne-coagulation kanye ne-adsorption kanye ne-bridging, futhi ine-coagulation eqinile. umphumela ezintweni ezimisiwe. Uma iqhathaniswa ne-alum yendabuko kanye ne-polyacrylamide njengama-flocculants, i-chitosan inomphumela ongcono wokucacisa. URAVID et al. ifunde umthelela wokwelashwa kwe-flocculation yokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi e-kaolin eyodwa lapho inani le-pH ye-chitosan ingu-5-9, futhi yathola ukuthi i-flocculation ithintwa kakhulu inani le-pH, kanye nenani le-pH elisebenzayo lokususwa kwe-turbidity lalingu-7.0-7.5. I-1mg/L i-flocculant, izinga lokususwa kwe-turbidity lidlula i-90%, futhi ama-flocs akhiqizwayo amaholo futhi ayashesha, futhi isikhathi se-flocculation sedimentation esiphelele asidluli i-1h; kodwa lapho inani le-pH lehla noma lenyuka, ukusebenza kahle kwe-flocculation kuyehla, okubonisa ukuthi kuphela Ebangeni le-pH elincane kakhulu, i-chitosan ingenza i-polymerization enhle ngezinhlayiya ze-kaolin. Ezinye izifundo zithole ukuthi lapho ukumiswa kwe-bentonite e-flocculated kuphathwa nge-chitosan, uhla lwenani le-pH olufanele lubanzi. Ngakho-ke, lapho amanzi angcolile equkethe izinhlayiya ezifana ne-kaolin, kuyadingeka ukwengeza inani elifanele le-bentonite njenge-coagulant ukuthuthukisa i-polymerization.i-chitosanezinhlayiyeni. Kamuva, u-RAVID et al. uthole lokho
Uma kukhona i-humus ekumisweni kwe-kaolin noma kwe-titanium dioxide, kulula ukuyihambisa futhi uyifake nge-chitosan, ngoba i-humus ekhokhiswa kabi inamathele ebusweni bezinhlayiya, futhi i-humus yenza kube lula ukulungisa inani le-pH. I-Chitosan isakhombisa izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphakeme ze-flocculation yemithombo yamanzi yemvelo ene-turbidity ehlukene kanye ne-alkalinity.
(2) Khipha ulwelwe namagciwane emanzini. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abanye abantu phesheya baqale ukufunda i-adsorption kanye ne-flocculation ye-chitosan ezinhlelweni ze-biological colloid ezifana ne-algae namagciwane. I-Chitosan inomphumela wokususwa kulwelwe lwamanzi ahlanzekile, okuyi-Spirulina, i-Oscillator algae, i-Chlorella kanye ne-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ku-algae emanzini ahlanzekile, ukususwa kungcono kakhulu ku-pH ye-7; olwelweni lwasolwandle, i-pH iphansi. Isilinganiso esifanele se-chitosan sincike ekugxilweni kolwelwe emanzini. Lapho ulwelwe luphakeme, umthamo owengeziwe we-chitosan udinga ukwengezwa, futhi ukwanda komthamo we-chitosan kuvame ukubangela ukugeleza kanye nemvula. Ngokushesha. I-turbidity ingakala ukususwa kwe-algae. Lapho inani le-pH lingu-7, 5mg/Li-chitosaningasusa u-90% we-turbidity emanzini, futhi ukuphakama kwe-algae kuphezulu, izinhlayiya ze-floc zibe mahle futhi kube ngcono ukusebenza kwe-sedimentation.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-microscopic kubonise ukuthi ulwelwe olwasuswa ngokugeleza kanye ne-sedimentation lwaluqoqwe kuphela futhi lwanamathela ndawonye, futhi lwalusesesimweni esiphelele nesisebenzayo. Njengoba i-chitosan ingabangi imiphumela emibi ezinhlobonhlobo ezisemanzini, amanzi ahlanzekile asengasetshenziselwa ukulima emanzini ahlanzekile, ngokungafani nezinye izinto zokwenziwa zokwenziwa ukuze kuhlanzwe amanzi. Indlela yokukhipha i-chitosan kubhaktheriya iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokutadisha ukugeleza kwe-Escherichia coli nge-chitosan, kutholakala ukuthi indlela yokulinganisa engalingani iyindlela eyinhloko yesistimu ye-flocculation, futhi i-chitosan ikhiqiza amabhondi e-hydrogen emfucumfucwini yamaseli. Olunye ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwe-chitosan flocculation ye-E. coli akuxhomekile kuphela ekushajweni kwe-dielectric kodwa futhi nobukhulu bayo be-hydraulic.
(3) Khipha i-aluminiyamu eyinsalela futhi uhlanze amanzi okuphuza. Usawoti we-aluminium kanye nama-polyaluminium flocculants asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinkambisweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi kampompi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium flocculants kasawoti kungaholela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kwe-aluminium emanzini okuphuza. I-aluminium eyinsalela emanzini okuphuza iyingozi enkulu empilweni yomuntu. Nakuba i-chitosan nayo inenkinga yezinsalela zamanzi, ngenxa yokuthi i-alkaline aminopolysaccharide yemvelo engeyona enobuthi, insalela ngeke ibangele ukulimala emzimbeni womuntu, futhi ingasuswa ohlelweni lokwelapha olulandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-chitosan ne-inorganic flocculants njenge-polyaluminium chloride kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium eyinsalela. Ngakho-ke, ekwelashweni kwamanzi okuphuza, i-chitosan inezinzuzo ezinye ze-synthetic organic polymer flocculants ezingeke zithathe indawo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Chitosan ku-Wastewater Treatment
(1) Khipha ama-ion ensimbi. Iketango lamangqamuzanai-chitosankanye nokuphuma kwayo kuqukethe inani elikhulu lamaqembu e-amino namaqembu e-hydroxyl, ngakho-ke inomphumela we-chelating kuma-ion amaningi ensimbi, futhi ingakhangiswa ngokuphumelelayo noma ibambe ama-ion ensimbi esindayo esixazululweni. U-Catherine A. Eiden kanye nolunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi amandla okukhangisa e-chitosan ku-Pb2+ kanye ne-Cr3+ (eyunithi ye-chitosan) afinyelela ku-0.2 mmol/g no-0.25 mmol/g, ngokulandelana, futhi anamandla okukhangisa. UZhang Ting'an et al. sebenzisa i-chitosan e-deacetylated ukususa ithusi nge-flocculation. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi lapho inani le-pH liyi-8.0 futhi ukuhlushwa okukhulu kwama-ion ethusi kusampula yamanzi kwakungaphansi kuka-100 mg/L, izinga lokususa ithusi lalingaphezu kuka-99%; I-mass concentration ingu-400mg/L, kanti ukugcwala kwe-copper ions oketshezini olusele kusahlangabezana nezinga likazwelonke lokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile. Olunye ucwaningo lwafakazela ukuthi lapho i-pH=5.0 nesikhathi se-adsorption kungu-2h, izinga lokususwa kwe-chitosan liye ku-Ni2+ ku-adsorption chemical nickel Plating waste liquid lingafinyelela ku-72.25%.
(2) Phatha amanzi angcolile ngokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni amaningi njengamanzi angcolile okudla. Ngesikhathi sokucubungula ukudla, amanzi angcolile aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ziyakhishwa. I-molecule ye-chitosan iqukethe iqembu le-amide, iqembu le-amino neqembu le-hydroxyl. Nge-protonation yeqembu le-amino, ikhombisa indima ye-cationic polyelectrolyte, engagcini nje ngokuba nomthelela we-chelating ezinsimbi ezisindayo, kodwa futhi engakwazi ukuntanta ngokuphumelelayo futhi ikhangise izinhlayiya ezikhokhiswa kabi emanzini. I-Chitin ne-chitosan zingakha ama-complexes nge-hydrogen bonding namaprotheni, ama-amino acid, ama-fatty acids, njll. Fang Zhimin et al. esetshenzisiwei-chitosan, i-aluminium sulfate, i-ferric sulfate kanye ne-polypropylene phthalamide njengama-flocculants okubuyisela amaprotheni emanzini angcolile okucubungula ukudla kwasolwandle. Izinga eliphezulu lokutholwa kwamaprotheni kanye nokudluliswa kokukhanya okungcolile kungatholakala. Ngenxa yokuthi i-chitosan ngokwayo ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayinakho ukungcoliswa kwesibili, ingasetshenziswa ukuvuselela izinto eziwusizo ezifana neprotheni nesitashi emanzini angcolile asuka ezitshalweni zokucubungula ukudla ukuze kucutshungulwe futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha, njengokwengeza ekudleni njengokuphakelayo kwezilwane.
(3) Ukwelashwa kokuphrinta nokudaywa kwamanzi angcolile. Ukuphrinta nokudaywa kwamanzi angcolile kubhekisela emanzini angcolile akhishwa ukotini, uvolo, imicu yamakhemikhali neminye imikhiqizo yendwangu ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kusengaphambili, ukudaya, ukuphrinta nokuqedwa. Ngokuvamile iqukethe usawoti, ama-organic surfactants namadayi, njll., anezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-chroma enkulu kanye ne-COD ephezulu. , futhi ithuthuke ibheke ku-anti-oxidation kanye ne-anti-biodegradation, eyingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. I-Chitosan iqukethe amaqembu e-amino namaqembu e-hydroxyl, futhi inomphumela oqinile wokukhangisa kudayi, okuhlanganisa: i-adsorption ebonakalayo, i-chemical adsorption kanye ne-ion exchange adsorption, ikakhulukazi nge-hydrogen bonding, ukukhanga kwe-electrostatic, ukushintshana kwe-ion, i-van der Waals force, ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, njll. umphumela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana e-chitosan kuqukethe inani elikhulu lamaqembu ayinhloko e-amino, akha i-agent enhle kakhulu ye-polymer chelating ngokusebenzisa izibopho zokuxhumanisa, ezingahlanganisa odayi emanzini angcolile, futhi ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayikhiqizi ukungcola kwesibili.
(4) Ukufaka isicelo ekususeni amanzi ngodaka. Njengamanje, iningi lezitshalo zokuhlanza indle emadolobheni zisebenzisa i-cationic polyacrylamide ukwelapha udaka. Ukuzijwayeza kubonise ukuthi le ejenti inomphumela omuhle we-flocculation futhi kulula ukukhipha udaka, kodwa izinsalela zayo, ikakhulukazi i-acrylamide monomer, iyi-carcinogen eqinile. Ngakho-ke, kuwumsebenzi onenjongo kakhulu ukufuna ukushintshwa kwawo. I-Chitosan iyi-conditioner ye-sludge enhle, esiza ukwakha ama-microorganisms e-sludge acushiwe, angahlanganisa indaba emisiwe ekhokhiswa kabi kanye ne-organic esixazululo, futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kwenqubo yodaka ecushiwe. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-polyaluminium chloride/chitosan composite flocculant ayinawo umphumela osobala ekulungiseni udaka, kodwa futhi uma iqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-PAC eyodwa noma i-chitosan, ukumelana nodaka oluthile kuqala kufinyelela endaweni ephansi, futhi izinga lokuhlunga liphakeme. Iyashesha futhi iyi-conditioner engcono; Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezintathu ze-carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan kanye ne-O-carboxymethyl chitosan) zisetshenziswa njenge-The flocculant ihlolwe ekusebenzeni kokukhipha amanzi kwe-sludge, futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ama-flocs akhiwe kuqinile futhi akulula ukuphuka, okubonisa ukuthi umphumela we-flocculant ekuqedeni amanzi e-sludge wawungcono kakhulu kunalowo we-flocculants evamile.
I-Chitosanfuthi okuphuma kuyo kunothile ngezinsiza, zemvelo, ezingenabo ubuthi, eziwohlokayo, futhi zinezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Bangama-green water treatment agents. Impahla yayo eluhlaza, i-chitin, iyinhlanganisela yemvelo yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-chitosan ekwelashweni kwamanzi kunomfutho osobala wokukhula. Njenge-polymer yemvelo eguqula imfucuza ibe umcebo, i-chitosan isetshenziswe ekuqaleni emikhakheni eminingi, kodwa ukusebenza nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yasekhaya kusenegebe elithile uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe asethuthukile. Ngokujula kocwaningo lwe-chitosan nokuphuma kwayo, ikakhulukazi i-chitosan eguquliwe enezici ezinhle kakhulu zokwenziwa, inevelu yohlelo lokusebenza eyandayo. Ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kwe-chitosan ekuhlanzeni amanzi kanye nokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo evumelana nemvelo yokuphuma kokuphuma kwe-chitosan enobubanzi obubanzi bokusebenza kuzoba nenani lemakethe elibanzi kakhulu kanye namathemba okusebenza.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-09-2022