Ezinhlelweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi ezivamile, ama-flocculant asetshenziswa kakhulu usawoti we-aluminium kanye nosawoti wensimbi, usawoti we-aluminium osele emanzini aphathwe uzobeka impilo yabantu engozini, kanti usawoti wensimbi osele uzothinta umbala wamanzi, njll.; ekwelashweni kwamanzi angcolile amaningi, kunzima ukunqoba izinkinga zokungcola kwesibili njengodaka olukhulu kanye nokulahla okunzima kodaka. Ngakho-ke, ukufuna umkhiqizo wemvelo ongadali ukungcola kwesibili emvelweni ukuze uthathe indawo ye-aluminium usawoti kanye ne-iron salt flocculant kuyisidingo sokusebenzisa amasu okuthuthukiswa okusimeme namuhla. Ama-polymer flocculant emvelo adonsele ukunaka okukhulu phakathi kwama-flocculant amaningi ngenxa yemithombo yawo eminingi yezinto zokusetshenziswa, intengo ephansi, ukukhetha okuhle, umthamo omncane, ukuphepha kanye nokungabi nobuthi, kanye nokubola okuphelele kwe-bio. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yentuthuko, kuvele inani elikhulu lama-polymer flocculant emvelo anezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa, phakathi kwawo i-starch, i-lignin, i-chitosan kanye ne-vegetable glue okwamanje esetshenziswa kabanzi.
I-ChitosanIzakhiwo
I-Chitosan iwuhlobo olumhlophe olungenawo ukwakheka, olucwebezelayo, olungancibiliki emanzini kodwa luncibilika ku-asidi, okuwumkhiqizo we-deacetylation we-chitin. Ngokuvamile, i-chitosan ingabizwa ngokuthi i-chitosan lapho iqembu le-N-acetyl ku-chitin lisuswa ngaphezu kwama-55%. I-Chitin iyisakhi esiyinhloko sama-exoskeleton ezilwane nezinambuzane, futhi iyisakhi sesibili esikhulu semvelo emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-cellulose. Njenge-flocculant, i-chitosan ingokwemvelo, ayinabo ubuthi futhi iyabola. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-hydroxyl, amaqembu ama-amino kanye namanye amaqembu e-N-acetylamino asakazwe ku-macromolecular chain ye-chitosan, engakha ama-polyelectrolyte e-cationic anobuningi obukhulu beshaja ezixazululweni ze-asidi, futhi ingakha nezakhiwo ezifana nenethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa izibopho ze-hydrogen noma izibopho ze-ionic. Ama-molecule e-cage, ngaleyo ndlela ahlanganise futhi asuse ama-ion amaningi ensimbi esindayo anobuthi futhi ayingozi. I-Chitosan kanye nemikhiqizo yayo inokusetshenziswa okubanzi, hhayi nje kuphela ezindwangu, ekunyatheliseni nasekudayeni, ekwenzeni amaphepha, kwezokwelapha, ekudleni, embonini yamakhemikhali, kwibhayoloji nasezolimo kanti eminye imikhakha eminingi inenani lokusetshenziswa eliningi, kodwa futhi nasekuphatheni amanzi, ingasetshenziswa njenge-adsorbent, i-flocculation agents, i-fungicides, i-ion exchangers, amalungiselelo e-membrane, njll. I-Chitosan ivunyelwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency njenge-ejenti yokuhlanza amanzi okuphuza ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezihlukile ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi nasekuphathweni kwamanzi.
Ukusetshenziswa kweI-Chitosanekunakekelweni kwamanzi
(1) Susa izinto eziqinile ezilenga emanzini. Emanzini emvelo, iba uhlelo lwe-colloid olune-negative charge ngenxa yokuba khona kwamagciwane obumba, njll. Njenge-polymer ye-cationic enochungechunge olude, i-chitosan ingadlala imisebenzi emibili yokungaguquguquki kukagesi kanye nokujiya kanye nokumuncwa kanye nokubopha, futhi inomphumela oqinile wokujiya ezintweni ezilenga. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-alum yendabuko kanye ne-polyacrylamide njenge-flocculants, i-chitosan inomphumela ongcono wokucacisa. I-RAVID nabanye bafunde umphumela wokwelashwa kwe-flocculation kokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi e-kaolin eyodwa lapho inani le-pH le-chitosan lalingu-5-9, futhi bathola ukuthi i-flocculation ithintwe kakhulu yinani le-pH, kanti inani le-pH elisebenzayo lokususwa kwe-turbidity lalingu-7.0-7.5. I-flocculant engu-1mg/L, izinga lokususwa kwe-turbidity lidlula u-90%, kanti ama-floc akhiqizwayo aqinile futhi ayashesha, futhi isikhathi sokugeleza kwe-flocculation asidluli ihora eli-1; kodwa uma inani le-pH lehla noma likhuphuka, ukusebenza kahle kwe-flocculation kwehla, okubonisa ukuthi kuphela ku-pH encane kakhulu, i-chitosan ingakha i-polymerization enhle ngezinhlayiya ze-kaolin. Ezinye izifundo zithole ukuthi lapho i-flocculated bentonite suspension iphathwa nge-chitosan, ububanzi be-pH obufanele bubanzi. Ngakho-ke, lapho amanzi angcolile equkethe izinhlayiya ezifana ne-kaolin, kuyadingeka ukwengeza inani elifanele le-bentonite njenge-coagulant ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-polymerization yei-chitosanezinhlayiyeni. Kamuva, i-RAVID nabanye bathola ukuthi
Uma kukhona i-humus ku-kaolin noma i-titanium dioxide suspension, kulula ukuyi-flocculate nokuyi-precipitate nge-chitosan, ngoba i-humus ene-negative charge inamathele ebusweni bezinhlayiya, futhi i-humus yenza kube lula ukulungisa inani le-pH. I-Chitosan isabonisa izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-flocculation emanzini emvelo ane-turbidity kanye ne-alkalinity ehlukile.
(2) Susa ulwelwe namabhaktheriya emanzini. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abanye abantu baphesheya baqale ukufunda ukumuncwa nokugobhoza kwe-chitosan ezinhlelweni ze-colloid zebhayoloji ezifana ne-algae namabhaktheriya. I-Chitosan inomphumela wokususa ulwelwe lwamanzi ahlanzekile, okuyi-Spirulina, i-Oscillator algae, i-Chlorella kanye ne-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi kulwelwe lwamanzi ahlanzekile, ukususwa kungcono kakhulu ku-pH engu-7; kulwelwe lwasolwandle, i-pH iphansi. Umthamo ofanele we-chitosan uncike ekuqoqweni kolwelwe emanzini. Lapho ukuqoqwa kolwelwe kuphakeme, kudinga ukungezwa umthamo omningi we-chitosan, futhi ukwanda komthamo we-chitosan kuvame ukubangela ukugobhoza nokuna kwemvula. Ukushuba kungalinganisa ukususwa kolwelwe. Uma inani le-pH lingu-7, 5mg/Li-chitosaningasusa u-90% wokungcola emanzini, futhi uma ukugcwala kwe-algae kuphakeme, izinhlayiya ze-floc zikhula kakhulu futhi ukusebenza kwe-sedimentation kuba ngcono.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-microscopic kubonise ukuthi ulwelwe olususwe ngokucwiliswa kanye nokucwiliswa luhlanganiswe ndawonye kuphela, futhi lwalusesesimweni esiphelele nesisebenzayo. Njengoba i-chitosan ingabangeli imiphumela emibi ezinhlotsheni zamanzi, amanzi aphathwe angasetshenziswa ekukhuliseni amanzi ahlanzekile, ngokungafani nezinye izinto zokwenziwa zokwelashwa kwamanzi. Indlela yokususa i-chitosan kumagciwane iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokutadisha ukucwiliswa kwe-Escherichia coli nge-chitosan, kutholakale ukuthi indlela yokuhlanganisa engalingani iyindlela eyinhloko yesistimu yokucwiliswa, futhi i-chitosan ikhiqiza izibopho ze-hydrogen kuma-debrid cell. Olunye ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwe-chitosan flocculation ye-E. coli akuxhomekile kuphela ekushajweni kwe-dielectric kodwa futhi nakubukhulu bayo be-hydraulic.
(3) Susa i-aluminium esele bese uhlanza amanzi okuphuza. Usawoti we-aluminium kanye ne-polyaluminum flocculants kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi ompompi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium salt flocculants kungaholela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kwe-aluminium emanzini okuphuza. I-aluminium esele emanzini okuphuza iyingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu. Nakuba i-chitosan nayo inenkinga yezinsalela zamanzi, ngoba iyi-alkaline aminopolysaccharide yemvelo engenabo ubuthi, izinsalela ngeke zibangele umonakalo emzimbeni womuntu, futhi zingasuswa enkambisweni yokwelashwa elandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-chitosan kanye ne-inorganic flocculants njenge-polyaluminum chloride kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium esele. Ngakho-ke, ekwelashweni kwamanzi okuphuza, i-chitosan inezinzuzo ezinye i-polymer flocculants zokwenziwa ezingenakuzithatha indawo.
Ukusetshenziswa kweChitosan ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile
(1) Susa ama-ion ensimbi. Uchungechunge lwama-moleculei-chitosankanye nemikhiqizo yayo iqukethe inani elikhulu lamaqembu ama-amino namaqembu e-hydroxyl, ngakho-ke inomphumela we-chelating kuma-ion amaningi ensimbi, futhi ingamunca noma ibambe ngempumelelo ama-ion ensimbi esindayo esixazululweni. UCatherine A. Eiden kanye nezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi amandla okumunca e-chitosan ku-Pb2+ naku-Cr3+ (kuyunithi ye-chitosan) afinyelela ku-0.2 mmol/g naku-0.25 mmol/g, ngokulandelana, futhi anamandla okumunca aqinile. UZhang Ting'an nabanye basebenzise i-chitosan e-deacetylated ukususa ithusi ngokuyi-flocculation. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi lapho inani le-pH lingu-8.0 futhi ukuhlushwa kwesisindo sama-ion ethusi kusampula yamanzi kwakungaphansi kuka-100 mg/L, izinga lokususwa kwethusi lalingaphezu kuka-99%; Ukuhlushwa kwesisindo kungu-400mg/L, kanti ukuhlushwa kwesisindo sama-ion ethusi kuketshezi olusele kusahlangabezana nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka. Olunye ucwaningo luveze ukuthi lapho i-pH=5.0 kanye nesikhathi sokumuncwa kwakungu-2h, izinga lokususwa kwe-chitosan ku-Ni2+ ku-adsorption chemical nickel plating waste liquid lingafinyelela ku-72.25%.
(2) Phatha amanzi angcolile ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni njengamanzi angcolile okudla. Ngesikhathi sokucubungula ukudla, amanzi angcolile aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe ayakhishwa. I-molecule ye-chitosan iqukethe iqembu lama-amide, iqembu lama-amino kanye neqembu le-hydroxyl. Ngokukhula kweqembu lama-amino, ikhombisa indima ye-cationic polyelectrolyte, engeyona nje kuphela enomthelela we-chelating ezinsimbini ezisindayo, kodwa futhi engagcwalisa ngempumelelo futhi imunce izinhlayiya ezincane ezishajelwe kabi emanzini. I-Chitin ne-chitosan zingakha ama-complex ngokubopha i-hydrogen namaprotheni, ama-amino acid, ama-fatty acid, njll. UFang Zhimin nabanye basebenzisei-chitosan, i-aluminium sulfate, i-ferric sulfate kanye ne-polypropylene phthalamide njenge-flocculants ukuze kutholakale amaprotheni emanzini angcolile okucubungula ukudla kwasolwandle. Izinga eliphezulu lokutakula amaprotheni kanye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya okungcolile kungatholakala. Ngenxa yokuthi i-chitosan ngokwayo ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayinayo ingcoliso yesibili, ingasetshenziswa ukuphinda isebenzise izinto eziwusizo njengeprotheni kanye nesitashi emanzini angcolile avela ezitshalweni zokucubungula ukudla ukuze kucutshungulwe futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha, njengokwengeza ekudleni njengokudla kwezilwane.
(3) Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka okunyathelisa nokudaya. Ukunyathelisa nokudaya amanzi amdaka kubhekisela emanzini amdaka akhishwa kukotini, uboya, i-fiber yamakhemikhali kanye neminye imikhiqizo yendwangu enkambisweni yokwelashwa kwangaphambili, ukudaya, ukuphrinta kanye nokuqeda. Ngokuvamile iqukethe usawoti, ama-surfactants e-organic kanye namadayi, njll., anezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-chroma enkulu kanye ne-COD ephezulu, futhi ikhula ngendlela yokulwa ne-oxidation kanye ne-anti-biodegradation, okuyingozi kakhulu empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. I-Chitosan iqukethe amaqembu ama-amino kanye namaqembu e-hydroxyl, futhi inomphumela oqinile wokumunca kumadayi, okuhlanganisa: ukumunca ngokomzimba, ukumunca kwamakhemikhali kanye nokumunca kwe-ion exchange, ikakhulukazi ngokubopha i-hydrogen, ukukhanga kwe-electrostatic, ukushintshana kwama-ion, amandla e-van der Waals, ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isakhiwo sama-molecule se-chitosan siqukethe inani elikhulu lamaqembu ama-amino ayinhloko, akha i-ejenti ye-polymer chelating enhle kakhulu ngezibopho zokuxhumanisa, ezingahlanganisa amadayi emanzini amdaka, futhi azinabo ubuthi futhi azikhiqizi ukungcola kwesibili.
(4) Ukusetshenziswa ekususeni amanzi odakeni. Njengamanje, iningi lezitshalo zokuhlanza indle zasemadolobheni zisebenzisa i-cationic polyacrylamide ukwelapha udaka. Umkhuba ukhombisile ukuthi le agent inomphumela omuhle wokugobhoza futhi kulula ukuyikhipha emanzini udaka, kodwa izinsalela zayo, ikakhulukazi i-acrylamide monomer, iyingozi enkulu yomdlavuza. Ngakho-ke, kuwumsebenzi onenjongo kakhulu ukufuna indawo yayo. I-Chitosan iyi-conditioner enhle yodaka, esiza ekwakheni ama-micelles amagciwane odaka asebenzayo, angahlanganisa izinto ezilengisiwe ezishajelwe kabi kanye nezinto eziphilayo esixazululweni, futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kwenqubo yodaka olusebenzayo. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi i-polyaluminum chloride/chitosan composite flocculant ayigcini nje ngokuba nomphumela osobala ekulungiseni udaka, kodwa futhi uma iqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-PAC eyodwa noma i-chitosan, ukumelana kwe-sludge ethile kuqala kufinyelela iphuzu eliphansi, futhi izinga lokuhlunga liphezulu. Iyashesha futhi iyi-conditioner engcono; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezintathu ze-carboxymethyl chitosan (i-N-carboxymethyl chitosan, i-N, i-O-carboxymethyl chitosan kanye ne-O-carboxymethyl chitosan) njengoba i-flocculant ihlolwe ngokusebenza kokukhipha amanzi kodaka, futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ama-floc akhiwe ayenamandla futhi akulula ukuwaphula, okubonisa ukuthi umphumela we-flocculant ekususeni amanzi kodaka wawungcono kakhulu kunowe-flocculant evamile.
I-Chitosankanye nezinto ezitholakala kuyo zicebile ngezinsizakusebenza, zemvelo, azinabo ubuthi, ziyabola, futhi zinezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ziyizinto zokwelapha amanzi aluhlaza. Izinto zayo zokusetshenziswa, i-chitin, iyinhlanganisela yesibili ngobukhulu yemvelo emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-chitosan ekuphathweni kwamanzi kunomfutho obonakalayo wokukhula. Njenge-polymer yemvelo eguqula imfucuza ibe yingcebo, i-chitosan isetshenziswe ekuqaleni emikhakheni eminingi, kodwa ukusebenza nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yasekhaya kusenegebe elithile uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe athuthukile. Ngokujula kocwaningo nge-chitosan kanye nezinto ezitholakala kuyo, ikakhulukazi i-chitosan eguquliwe enezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokwenziwa, inenani eliningi lokusetshenziswa. Ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kwe-chitosan ekuphathweni kwamanzi nokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo enobungani nemvelo yezinto ezitholakala kuyo i-chitosan ezinobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kuzoba nenani elikhulu lemakethe kanye namathuba okusetshenziswa.
I-Quitosano, abakhiqizi be-chitosan, i-mua chitosan, i-chitosan encibilikayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-chitosan, intengo ye-chitosan, ezolimo ze-chitosan, intengo ye-chitosan nge-kg, i-chitin chitosan, i-quitosano comprar, imikhiqizo yezolimo ze-chitosan, intengo yempuphu ye-chitosan, isengezo se-chitosan, i-chitosan yokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, i-chitosan oligosaccharide, i-chitosan encibilikayo emanzini, i-chitin ne-chitosan, intengo ye-chitosan ePakistan, i-chitosan antimicrobial, umehluko we-chitin chitosan, intengo yempuphu ye-chitosan, i-chitosan crosslinking, i-chitosan encibilikayo ku-ethanol, i-chitosan ethengiswayo ePhilippines, i-chitosan thailand, ukusetshenziswa kwe-chitosan kwezolimo, intengo ye-chitosan nge-kg, izinzuzo ze-chitosan, i-chitosan solvent, i-chitosan viscosity, amaphilisi e-chitosan, i-Chitosan, intengo ye-chitosan, i-chitosan powder, i-chitosan encibilikayo emanzini, i-chitosan encibilikayo, i-chitin chitosan, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-chitosan, i-Chitin, Siyakwamukela ku vakashela inkampani yethu kanye nefektri futhi indawo yethu yokubonisa ibonisa imikhiqizo nezixazululo ezahlukahlukene ezizohlangabezana nokulindelekile kwakho. Okwamanje, kulula ukuvakashela iwebhusayithi yethu. Abasebenzi bethu bokuthengisa bazozama konke okusemandleni abo ukukunikeza izinsizakalo ezinhle kakhulu. Uma uzodinga ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela ungangabazi ukukunikezaXhumana nathinge-imeyili, ifeksi noma ucingo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-09-2022