Amanzi angcolile embonini yezemithi ahlanganisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi angcolile okulwa namagciwane kanye namanzi angcolile okukhiqiza imithi yokwenziwa. Amanzi angcolile embonini yezemithi ahlanganisa kakhulu izigaba ezine: ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi angcolile okulwa namagciwane, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi angcolile okulwa namagciwane, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi angcolile emithi yokwenziwa yaseShayina, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile avela ezinqubweni ezahlukene zokulungiselela. Amanzi angcolile abonakala ngokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo, ubuthi obuphezulu, umbala ojulile, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kukasawoti, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo ezimbi ze-biochemical kanye nokukhishwa okungapheli. Kungamanzi angcolile ezimboni okunzima ukuwaphatha. Ngokuthuthuka kwemboni yezemithi yezwe lami, amanzi angcolile emithi kancane kancane abe ngomunye wemithombo ebalulekile yokungcola.
1. Indlela yokwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi
Izindlela zokwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi zingafingqwa kanje: ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ngokomzimba, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nokwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe kwezindlela ezahlukene, indlela ngayinye yokwelapha inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo.
Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali
Ngokwezici zekhwalithi yamanzi amanzi angcolile emithi, ukwelashwa nge-physicochemical kudinga ukusetshenziswa njengenqubo yangaphambi kokwelashwa noma ngemva kokwelashwa kokwelashwa nge-biochemical. Izindlela zokwelapha ngokomzimba namakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa njengamanje zifaka phakathi ukujiya, ukuntanta emoyeni, ukumuncwa, ukukhipha i-ammonia, i-electrolysis, ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane.
ukujiya
Lobu buchwepheshe buyindlela yokwelapha amanzi esetshenziswa kabanzi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Busetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelashweni nangemuva kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezokwelapha, njenge-aluminium sulfate kanye ne-polyferric sulfate emanzini amdaka emithi yendabuko yaseShayina. Isihluthulelo sokwelashwa okusebenzayo kokujiya ukukhethwa okufanele kanye nokwengezwa kwama-coagulant ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwama-coagulant ishintshe kusukela kuma-polymers anama-molecule aphansi kuya kuma-polymers anama-molecule aphezulu, kanye nokusuka ku-single-component kuya ekusebenzeni okuhlanganisiwe [3]. ULiu Minghua et al. [4] baphathe i-COD, i-SS kanye ne-chromaticity yoketshezi olungcolile nge-pH engu-6.5 kanye nomthamo we-flocculant ongu-300 mg/L nge-flocculant ehlanganisiwe esebenza kahle kakhulu i-F-1. Amazinga okususwa ayengu-69.7%, 96.4% kanye no-87.5%, ngokulandelana.
ukuntanta komoya
Ukuntanta komoya ngokuvamile kufaka izinhlobo ezahlukene njengokuntanta komoya, ukuntanta komoya oncibilikisiwe, ukuntanta komoya wamakhemikhali, kanye nokuntanta komoya we-electrolytic. I-Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory isebenzisa idivayisi yokuntanta komoya ye-CAF vortex ukwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi. Izinga lokususa elimaphakathi le-COD licishe libe ngu-25% ngamakhemikhali afanele.
indlela yokungenisa
Ama-adsorbents asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-activated carbon, amalahle asebenzayo, i-humic acid, i-adsorption resin, njll. I-Wuhan Jianmin Pharmaceutical Factory isebenzisa i-coal ash adsorption - inqubo yesibili yokwelapha nge-aerobic biological ukwelapha amanzi angcolile. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi izinga lokususwa kwe-COD lokwelashwa kwangaphambili kwe-adsorption lalingu-41.1%, kanti isilinganiso se-BOD5/COD sithuthukisiwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane
Ubuchwepheshe be-membrane buhlanganisa i-reverse osmosis, i-nanofiltration kanye ne-fiber membranes ukuze kutholakale izinto eziwusizo futhi kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Izici eziyinhloko zalobu buchwepheshe imishini elula, ukusebenza okulula, akukho shintsho lwesigaba kanye noshintsho lwamakhemikhali, ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula kanye nokonga amandla. UJuanna nabanye basebenzise i-nanofiltration membranes ukuze bahlukanise amanzi angcolile e-cinnamycin. Kwatholakala ukuthi umphumela wokuvimbela we-lincomycin kuma-microorganisms emanzini angcolile wehlisiwe, futhi i-cinnamycin yatholakala.
i-electrolysis
Le ndlela inezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusebenza okulula nokunye okunjalo, futhi umphumela wokususa umbala nge-electrolytic muhle. U-Li Ying [8] wenze ukwelashwa kwangaphambili nge-electrolytic ku-riboflavin supernatant, futhi amazinga okususwa kwe-COD, i-SS kanye ne-chroma afinyelele ku-71%, 83% kanye no-67%, ngokulandelana.
ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
Uma kusetshenziswa izindlela zamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-reagent athile kungenzeka kubangele ukungcoliswa kwesibili kwezindawo zamanzi. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wocwaningo olufanele kufanele wenziwe ngaphambi kokuklama. Izindlela zamakhemikhali zifaka phakathi indlela ye-iron-carbon, indlela ye-chemical redox (i-Fenton reagent, i-H2O2, i-O3), ubuchwepheshe be-deep oxidation, njll.
Indlela ye-iron carbon
Ukusebenza kwezimboni kukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-Fe-C njengesinyathelo sangaphambi kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka emithi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukubola kwamanzi amdaka. I-Lou Maoxing isebenzisa ukwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-iron-micro-electrolysis-anaerobic-aerobic-air flotation ukwelapha amanzi amdaka ezinto ezisetshenziswa emithini ezifana ne-erythromycin ne-ciprofloxacin. Izinga lokususwa kwe-COD ngemuva kokwelashwa ngensimbi nekhabhoni lalingu-20% %, kanti amanzi amdaka okugcina ahambisana nezinga likazwelonke lokuqala le-“Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard” (GB8978-1996).
Ukucubungula ama-reagent kaFenton
Inhlanganisela kasawoti we-ferrous kanye ne-H2O2 ibizwa ngokuthi i-Fenton's reagent, engasusa ngempumelelo izinto eziphilayo ezingaphikisi ezingenakususwa ngobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokwelapha amanzi amdaka. Ngokujula kocwaningo, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV), i-oxalate (C2O42-), njll. kwafakwa ku-Fenton's reagent, okwathuthukisa kakhulu ikhono lokuxilisa. Kusetshenziswa i-TiO2 njenge-catalyst kanye nesibani se-mercury esinomfutho ophansi esingu-9W njengomthombo wokukhanya, amanzi amdaka emithi aphathwa nge-Fenton's reagent, izinga lokushintsha umbala lalingu-100%, izinga lokususa i-COD lalingu-92.3%, kanti i-nitrobenzene compound yehle isuka ku-8.05mg/L. 0.41 mg/L.
Ukuxutshwa kwe-oksidation
Le ndlela ingathuthukisa ukubola kwamanzi amdaka futhi inezinga elingcono lokususwa kwe-COD. Isibonelo, amanzi amdaka amathathu alwa namagciwane njengeBalcioglu aphathwe nge-ozone oxidation. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi i-ozonation yamanzi amdaka ayikhulisi nje kuphela isilinganiso se-BOD5/COD, kodwa futhi nezinga lokususwa kwe-COD lalingaphezu kuka-75%.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuxubha
Eyaziwa nangokuthi ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-oxidation, ihlanganisa imiphumela yakamuva yocwaningo lokukhanya kwesimanje, ugesi, umsindo, amandla kazibuthe, izinto kanye neminye imikhakha efanayo, okuhlanganisa i-electrochemical oxidation, i-wet oxidation, i-supercritical water oxidation, i-photocatalytic oxidation kanye ne-ultrasonic degradation. Phakathi kwazo, ubuchwepheshe be-ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation bunezinzuzo zobusha, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kanye nokungabi nokukhetha emanzini angcolile, futhi bufanelekela kakhulu ukuwohloka kwama-hydrocarbon angagcwele. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokwelapha ezifana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ukushisa, kanye nengcindezi, ukwelashwa kwe-ultrasonic kwezinto eziphilayo kuqondile kakhulu futhi kudinga imishini encane. Njengohlobo olusha lokwelapha, kuye kwanakwa kakhulu. UXiao Guangquan nabanye [13] basebenzise indlela yokuxhumana ye-ultrasonic-aerobic biological ukwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi. Ukwelashwa kwe-Ultrasonic kwenziwa imizuzwana engama-60 kanti amandla ayengama-w angama-w angama-200, kanti izinga lokususwa kwe-COD eliphelele lamanzi angcolile lalingu-96%.
Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha nge-biochemical buwubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi angcolile obusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa indlela ye-aerobic biological, indlela ye-anaerobic biological, kanye nendlela ehlanganisiwe ye-aerobic-anaerobic.
Ukwelashwa nge-aerobic biological
Njengoba iningi lamanzi angcolile emithi liyimanzi angcolile emvelo agcwele ukugcwala okuphezulu, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuhlanza isisombululo sesitoko ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nge-aerobic biological. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kukhulu, amanzi angcolile angaphathwa nge-biochemically, futhi kunzima ukuwakhipha ngqo ezingeni elijwayelekile ngemva kokwelashwa nge-biochemically. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-aerobic kuphela. Kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokwelapha ezitholakalayo futhi ukwelashwa okuvamile kuyadingeka. Izindlela zokwelapha nge-aerobic biological ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka phakathi indlela ye-sludge esebenzayo, indlela yokungenisa umoya emthonjeni ojulile, indlela ye-adsorption biodegradation (indlela ye-AB), indlela ye-contact oxidation, indlela ye-batch batch activated sludge (indlela ye-SBR), indlela ye-circulating activated sludge, njll. (indlela ye-CASS) njalo njalo.
Indlela yokungenisa umoya emthonjeni ojulile
Ukungenisa umoya emithonjeni ejulile kuyisistimu yokungenisa umoya evuselelwa ngesivinini esikhulu. Le ndlela inezinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo, isikhala esincane phansi, umphumela omuhle wokwelashwa, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi, izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi, akukho ukunqwabelana kodaka kanye nokukhiqizwa kodaka okuncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wayo wokushisa muhle, futhi ukwelashwa akuthintwa yizimo zezulu, okungaqinisekisa umphumela wokwelashwa kwendle yasebusika ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Ngemva kokuba amanzi angcolile angokwemvelo avela eNortheast Pharmaceutical Factory ahlungwe ngamakhemikhali ngethangi lokungenisa umoya emithonjeni ejulile, izinga lokususwa kwe-COD lafinyelela ku-92.7%. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula kuphezulu kakhulu, okuzuzisa kakhulu ekucutshungulweni okulandelayo. kudlala indima ebalulekile.
Indlela ye-AB
Indlela ye-AB iyindlela yodaka olusebenza ngomthwalo ophezulu kakhulu. Izinga lokususwa kwe-BOD5, COD, SS, phosphorus kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen ngenqubo ye-AB ngokuvamile liphakeme kunelenqubo yodaka olusebenza ngokujwayelekile. Izinzuzo zayo ezivelele umthwalo ophezulu wesigaba se-A, umthamo oqinile womthwalo wokulwa nokushaqeka, kanye nomphumela omkhulu wokubopha enanini le-pH nezinto ezinobuthi. Ifaneleka kakhulu ekwelapheni indle ngokugxila okuphezulu kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu ekhwalithini yamanzi kanye nobuningi. Indlela kaYang Junshi et al. isebenzisa indlela ye-hydrolysis acidification-AB biological ukwelapha amanzi amdaka alwa namagciwane, anokugeleza kwenqubo okufushane, ukonga amandla, kanye nezindleko zokwelashwa ziphansi kunendlela yokwelapha i-chemical flocculation-biological yamanzi amdaka afanayo.
ukushiswa kokuxhumana kwezinto eziphilayo
Lobu buchwepheshe buhlanganisa izinzuzo zendlela yodaka olusebenzayo kanye nendlela ye-biofilm, futhi bunezinzuzo zomthwalo omkhulu, ukukhiqizwa kodaka oluphansi, ukumelana okunamandla komthelela, ukusebenza kwenqubo okuzinzile kanye nokuphathwa okulula. Amaphrojekthi amaningi asebenzisa indlela yezigaba ezimbili, ehlose ukukhulisa izinhlobo ezivelele ezigabeni ezahlukene, anikeze ukusebenza okugcwele komphumela wokubambisana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagciwane, futhi athuthukise imiphumela ye-biochemical kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka. Kobunjiniyela, ukugaya okungasebenzisi i-anaerobic kanye ne-acidification kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesinyathelo sangaphambi kokwelashwa, futhi inqubo yodaka oluthintanayo isetshenziswa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi. I-Harbin North Pharmaceutical Factory isebenzisa inqubo yodaka oluthintanayo lwe-hydrolysis-izigaba ezimbili ze-biological ukwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi. Imiphumela yokusebenza ikhombisa ukuthi umphumela wokwelapha uzinzile futhi inhlanganisela yenqubo inengqondo. Ngokuvuthwa kancane kancane kobuchwepheshe benqubo, amasimu okusetshenziswa nawo abanzi kakhulu.
Indlela ye-SBR
Indlela ye-SBR inezinzuzo zokumelana nomthwalo wokushaqeka okunamandla, umsebenzi ophezulu wodaka, isakhiwo esilula, asikho isidingo sokubuyela emuva, ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo, indawo encane, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi, ukusebenza okuzinzile, izinga eliphezulu lokususwa kwe-substrate, kanye nokususwa okuhle kwe-nitrification kanye ne-phosphorus. . Amanzi angcolile ashintshashintshayo. Ukuhlolwa kokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile emithi ngenqubo ye-SBR kubonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokungenisa umoya sinethonya elikhulu emphumeleni wokwelashwa kwenqubo; ukubekwa kwezingxenye ze-anoxic, ikakhulukazi ukwakheka okuphindaphindiwe kwe-anaerobic kanye ne-aerobic, kungathuthukisa kakhulu umphumela wokwelashwa; ukwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe kwe-SBR kwe-PAC Inqubo ingathuthukisa kakhulu umphumela wokususwa kohlelo. Eminyakeni yamuva, inqubo isibe ngcono kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile emithi.
Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji Okungasebenzisi I-Anaerobic
Njengamanje, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile angokwemvelo anokugcwala okuphezulu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kusekelwe kakhulu endleleni yokungasebenzi kahle komoya, kodwa i-COD ephumayo isesephezulu kakhulu ngemva kokwelashwa ngendlela ehlukile yokungasebenzi kahle komoya, futhi ukwelashwa ngemva kokwelashwa (njengokwelashwa nge-aerobic biological) ngokuvamile kuyadingeka. Njengamanje, kusadingeka ukuqinisa ukuthuthukiswa nokuklama ama-reactor angasebenzi kahle kakhulu e-anaerobic, kanye nocwaningo olujulile ngezimo zokusebenza. Izicelo eziphumelela kakhulu ekwelashweni kwamanzi angcolile emithi yi-Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB), i-Anaerobic Composite Bed (UBF), i-Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR), i-hydrolysis, njll.
Umthetho we-UASB
I-reactor ye-UASB inezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle kokugaya ukudla okungena-anaerobic, isakhiwo esilula, isikhathi esifushane sokugcina amanzi, futhi asikho isidingo sedivayisi ehlukile yokubuyisela udaka. Uma i-UASB isetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-kanamycin, i-chlorin, i-VC, i-SD, i-glucose kanye neminye imfucuza yokukhiqiza imithi, okuqukethwe yi-SS ngokuvamile akuphakeme kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokususa i-COD lingaphezu kuka-85% kuya ku-90%. Izinga lokususa i-COD lochungechunge lwezigaba ezimbili lwe-UASB lingafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-90%.
Indlela ye-UBF
Thenga uWenning nabanye. Ukuhlolwa kokuqhathanisa kwenziwe ku-UASB kanye ne-UBF. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-UBF inezici zokudlulisa isisindo okuhle kanye nomphumela wokuhlukaniswa, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-biomass kanye nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokucubungula, kanye nokuqina kokusebenza okuqinile. I-oxygen bioreactor.
I-Hydrolysis kanye ne-acidification
Ithangi le-hydrolysis libizwa ngokuthi i-Hydrolyzed Upstream Sludge Bed (HUSB) futhi liyi-UASB eguquliwe. Uma liqhathaniswa nethangi le-anaerobic elisebenza ngokugcwele, ithangi le-hydrolysis linezinzuzo ezilandelayo: asikho isidingo sokuvala, akukho ukuxubha, akukho separator yezigaba ezintathu, okunciphisa izindleko futhi kwenze kube lula ukugcinwa; lingalimaza ama-macromolecule kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezingaboli emanzini angcolile zibe ama-molecule amancane. Izinto eziphilayo eziboliseka kalula zithuthukisa ukuboliseka kwamanzi aluhlaza; ukusabela kuyashesha, umthamo wethangi mncane, utshalomali lokwakha imali luncane, futhi umthamo we-sludge uyancishiswa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inqubo ye-hydrolysis-aerobic isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile emithi. Isibonelo, imboni ye-biopharmaceutical isebenzisa inqubo ye-hydrolytic acidification-izigaba ezimbili ze-biological contact oxidation ukwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi. Ukusebenza kuzinzile futhi umphumela wokususwa kwezinto eziphilayo uyamangalisa. Amazinga okususwa kwe-COD, i-BOD5 SS kanye ne-SS ayengu-90.7%, 92.4% kanye no-87.6%, ngokulandelana.
Inqubo yokwelapha ehlanganisiwe ye-Anaerobic-aerobic
Njengoba ukwelashwa nge-aerobic noma ukwelashwa nge-anaerobic kuphela kungenakuhlangabezana nezidingo, izinqubo ezihlanganisiwe ezifana nokwelashwa nge-anaerobic-aerobic, i-hydrolytic acidification-aerobic zithuthukisa ukubola kwe-bio, ukumelana nomthelela, izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nomphumela wokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka. Isetshenziswa kabanzi emisebenzini yobunjiniyela ngenxa yokusebenza kwendlela eyodwa yokucubungula. Isibonelo, ifektri yemithi isebenzisa inqubo ye-anaerobic-aerobic ukwelapha amanzi amdaka emithi, izinga lokususwa kwe-BOD5 lingu-98%, izinga lokususwa kwe-COD lingu-95%, futhi umphumela wokwelashwa uzinzile. Inqubo ye-Micro-electrolysis-anaerobic hydrolysis-acidification-SBR isetshenziselwa ukwelapha amanzi amdaka emithi amakhemikhali. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi lonke uchungechunge lwezinqubo lunokumelana okunamandla komthelela ezinguqukweni zekhwalithi nobuningi bamanzi amdaka, futhi izinga lokususwa kwe-COD lingafinyelela ku-86% kuya ku-92%, okuyindlela efanelekile yokukhetha ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka emithi. – I-Catalytic Oxidation – Inqubo Yokuxhumana Nge-Oxidation. Uma i-COD ye-influent icishe ibe ngu-12 000 mg/L, i-COD ye-dfluent ingaphansi kuka-300 mg/L; izinga lokususwa kwe-COD emanzini angcolile emithi angaphikiswa yi-bioly aphathwe ngendlela ye-biofilm-SBR lingafinyelela ku-87.5% ~ 98.31%, okuphakeme kakhulu kunokusetshenziswa kanye. Umphumela wokwelashwa wendlela ye-biofilm kanye nendlela ye-SBR.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-membrane, ucwaningo lokusetshenziswa kwe-membrane bioreactor (MBR) ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile emithi luye lwajula kancane kancane. I-MBR ihlanganisa izici zobuchwepheshe bokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane kanye nokwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi inezinzuzo zomthwalo omkhulu, ukumelana okunamandla komthelela, indawo encane, kanye nodaka oluncane olusele. Inqubo ye-anaerobic membrane bioreactor yasetshenziswa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile e-medicament intermediate acid chloride nge-COD engu-25 000 mg/L. Izinga lokususwa kwe-COD lesistimu lihlala lingaphezu kuka-90%. Okokuqala ngqa, kwasetshenziswa ikhono lokuphoqa amabhaktheriya ukuba angcolise izinto ezithile eziphilayo. Ama-extractive membrane bioreactors asetshenziselwa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ezimbonini aqukethe i-3,4-dichloroaniline. I-HRT yayingamahora ama-2, izinga lokususwa lafika ku-99%, futhi umphumela omuhle wokwelashwa watholakala. Naphezu kwenkinga yokungcolisa i-membrane, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-membrane, i-MBR izosetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile emithi.
2. Inqubo yokwelapha kanye nokukhethwa kwamanzi angcolile emithi
Izici zekhwalithi yamanzi amanzi angcolile emithi zenza kube nzima ukuthi amanzi amaningi angcolile emithi athole ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kuphela, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi okudingekayo kumele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Ngokuvamile, kufanele kubekwe ithangi elilawulayo ukuze kulungiswe ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nenani le-pH, futhi indlela ye-physicochemical noma yamakhemikhali kufanele isetshenziswe njengenqubo yokwelapha kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokwesimo sangempela ukunciphisa i-SS, usawoti kanye nengxenye ye-COD emanzini, ukunciphisa izinto ezivimbelayo eziphilayo emanzini angcolile, nokuthuthukisa ukubola kwamanzi angcolile.
Amanzi angcolile alungisiwe angalungiswa ngezinqubo ze-anaerobic kanye ne-aerobic ngokwezici zawo zekhwalithi yamanzi. Uma izidingo zokungcola ziphezulu, inqubo yokwelapha nge-aerobic kufanele iqhubeke ngemuva kwenqubo yokwelapha nge-aerobic. Ukukhethwa kwenqubo ethile kufanele kucabangele ngokuphelele izici ezifana nohlobo lwamanzi angcolile, umphumela wokwelapha wenqubo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda, kanye nokusebenza nokugcinwa ukuze kwenziwe ubuchwepheshe bube nokwenzeka futhi bube ngokonga. Indlela yonke yenqubo iyinqubo ehlanganisiwe yokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa-anaerobic-aerobic-(ngemuva kokwelashwa). Inqubo ehlanganisiwe yokuhlunga nge-hydrolysis adsorption-contact oxidation isetshenziselwa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile emithi aqukethe i-insulin yokwenziwa.
3. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziwusizo emanzini angcolile emithi
Khuthaza ukukhiqizwa okuhlanzekile embonini yezemithi, uthuthukise izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, izinga eliphelele lokubuyiselwa kwemikhiqizo ephakathi kanye nemikhiqizo engaphansi kwayo, futhi unciphise noma uqede ukungcola enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ngokuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezinye izinqubo zokukhiqiza zezemithi, amanzi angcolile aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Ukwelapha amanzi angcolile anjalo ezemithi, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqinisa ukubuyiswa kwezinto kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphelele. Kumanzi angcolile aphakathi ezemithi anokuqukethwe kukasawoti we-ammonium okuphezulu njengo-5% kuya ku-10%, ifilimu yokusula engaguquki isetshenziselwa ukuhwamuka, ukugxila kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu ukuze kubuyiselwe (NH4)2SO4 kanye ne-NH4NO3 ngengxenye enkulu engaba ngu-30%. Sebenzisa njengomanyolo noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha. Izinzuzo zomnotho zisobala; inkampani yezemithi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu isebenzisa indlela yokuhlanza ukwelapha amanzi angcolile okukhiqiza anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-formaldehyde. Ngemva kokuthi igesi ye-formaldehyde isitholiwe, ingakhiwa ibe yi-reagent ye-formalin noma ishiswe njengomthombo wokushisa we-boiler. Ngokuthola i-formaldehyde, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza okusimeme kungatholakala, futhi izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali zesiteshi sokwelapha zingatholakala zingakapheli iminyaka emi-4 kuya kwemi-5, kuqashelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzuzo zemvelo kanye nezinzuzo zomnotho. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwamanzi angcolile ajwayelekile emithi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kunzima ukuwasebenzisa kabusha, inqubo yokutakula iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izindleko ziphakeme. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha indle obuthuthukisiwe nobusebenza kahle buyisihluthulelo sokuxazulula inkinga yendle ngokuphelele.
4 Isiphetho
Kube nemibiko eminingi mayelana nokuphathwa kwamanzi angcolile emithi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinqubo embonini yemithi, ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ayikho indlela yokwelapha evuthiwe nehlangene yamanzi angcolile emithi. Ukuthi iyiphi indlela yenqubo okufanele uyikhethe kuncike kuhlobo lwamanzi angcolile. Ngokwezici zamanzi angcolile, ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubola kwamanzi angcolile, kususwe ukungcola ekuqaleni, bese kuhlanganiswa nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Njengamanje, ukuthuthukiswa kwedivayisi yokwelapha amanzi ehlanganisiwe engabizi futhi ephumelelayo kuyinkinga ephuthumayo okufanele ixazululwe.
IfektriAmakhemikhali aseShayinaI-Anionic PAM Polyacrylamide Cationic Polymer Flocculant, i-Chitosan, i-Chitosan Powder, ukwelashwa kwamanzi okuphuza, i-ejenti yokususa umbala emanzini, i-dammac, i-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, i-dicyandiamide, i-dcda, i-defoamer, i-antifoam, i-pac, i-poly aluminium chloride, i-polyaluminium, i-polyelectrolyte, i-pam, i-polyacrylamide, i-polydadmac, i-pdadmac, i-polyamine, Asigcini nje ngokuletha ikhwalithi ephezulu kubathengi bethu, kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu umhlinzeki wethu omkhulu kanye nentengo yokuthengisa enamandla.
I-ODM Factory China PAM, Anionic Polyacrylamide, HPAM, PHPA, Inkampani yethu isebenza ngesimiso sokusebenza esithi “kusekelwe ebuqothweni, ukubambisana okudalwe, okuqondiswe kubantu, ukubambisana okuzuzayo nokuzuzayo”. Sithemba ukuthi singaba nobudlelwano obuhle nosomabhizinisi abavela emhlabeni wonke.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-15-2022