Iningi labantu bezwe lami lihlala emadolobheni amancane nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, futhi ukungcoliswa kwendle yasemakhaya endaweni yamanzi kuye kwadonsela ukunaka okwandayo. Ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esiphansi sokwelashwa kwendle esifundeni esisentshonalanga, izinga lokuphathwa kwendle ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezweni lami livame ukwanda. Kodwa-ke, izwe lami linendawo enkulu, futhi izimo zemvelo, imikhuba yokuphila kanye nezimo zomnotho zamadolobhana nasezindaweni zasemakhaya ezifundeni ezahlukene ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Indlela yokwenza umsebenzi omuhle ekuphathweni kwendle okuhlukaniswe ngokwezimo zendawo, ulwazi lwamazwe athuthukile lufanele ukufundwa.
ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokuhlanza indle ezweni lami obusetshenziswa kabanzi
Ngokuyinhloko kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zobuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle yasemakhaya ezweni lakithi (bheka uMfanekiso 1): ubuchwepheshe be-biofilm, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle obusebenzayo, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle emvelweni, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa komhlaba, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle obuhlanganisiwe. Izinga lokufaka isicelo, futhi banezimo zokuphathwa kokusebenza eziphumelelayo. Ngokombono wesilinganiso sokuhlanzwa kwendle, umthamo wokuphathwa kwamanzi ngokuvamile ungaphansi kwamathani angu-500.
1. Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle yasemakhaya
Ekwenzeni ukwelashwa kwendle yasemakhaya, ubuchwepheshe benqubo ngayinye bubonisa izinzuzo nezinkinga ezilandelayo:
Indlela yodaka olusebenzayo: ukulawula okuguquguqukayo kanye nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo, kodwa izindleko ezimaphakathi ngomndeni ngamunye ziphakeme, futhi kudingeka abasebenzi abakhethekile ukuze kusetshenziswe futhi kulungiswe.
Ubuchwepheshe bezindawo ezimanzi ezakhiwe: izindleko zokwakha eziphansi, kodwa izinga lokususwa eliphansi kanye nokusebenza nokuphathwa okungafanele.
Ukuphathwa komhlaba: ukwakha, ukusebenza kanye nokugcinwa kwawo kulula, futhi izindleko ziphansi, kodwa kungangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi kudinge ukuphathwa kokusebenza nokugcinwa kwawo isikhathi eside.
I-turntable yezinto eziphilayo + umbhede wezitshalo: ifanelekela isifunda esiseningizimu, kodwa kunzima ukuyisebenzisa nokuyinakekela.
Isiteshi esincane sokuhlanza indle: siseduze nendlela yokuhlanza indle yasemadolobheni. Inzuzo ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile inhle, kanti ububi ukuthi ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zendle yezolimo zasemakhaya.
Nakuba ezinye izindawo zikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle yasemakhaya “okungenawo amandla”, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle “okusebenzisa amandla” busalokhu buyinxenye enkulu. Njengamanje, ezindaweni eziningi zasemakhaya, umhlaba wabelwa imindeni, futhi zimbalwa izindawo zomphakathi, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa komhlaba ezindaweni ezithuthukile kwezomnotho liphansi kakhulu. Imithombo yomhlaba ephezulu, encane etholakalayo yokuhlanza indle. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle “obushintshashintshayo” bunethuba elihle lokusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinokusetshenziswa okuncane komhlaba, umnotho othuthukile kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu yamanzi. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle obusindisa amandla futhi bunciphise ukusetshenziswa sebuyindlela yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle yasekhaya obusetshenziswa kabanzi emadolobheni nasemadolobheni.
2. Imodi ehlanganisiwe yobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle yasemakhaya
Inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle yasemakhaya ezweni lami inalezi zindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo:
Imodi yokuqala yi-MBR noma i-contact oxidation noma inqubo ye-activated sludge. Indle iqala ingene ethangini le-septic, bese ingena eyunithi yokwelapha yezinto eziphilayo, bese ekugcineni ichithekela emanzini azungezile ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha. Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwendle yasemakhaya kuvame kakhulu.
Imodi yesibili iyindawo emanzi engasebenzisi umoya + yokwenziwa noma ichibi elingasebenzisi umoya + noma i-anaerobic + ichibi, okungukuthi, iyunithi engasebenzisi umoya isetshenziswa ngemva kwethangi le-septic, futhi ngemva kokwelashwa kwemvelo, ikhishwa emvelweni noma isetshenziswe kwezolimo.
Imodi yesithathu iwudaka olusebenzayo + indawo emanzi yokwenziwa, udaka olusebenzayo + ichibi, i-contact oxidation + indawo emanzi yokwenziwa, noma i-contact oxidation + ukwelashwa komhlaba, okungukuthi, amadivayisi e-aerobic kanye nomoya asetshenziswa ngemva kwethangi le-septic, bese kufakwa iyunithi yokwelapha imvelo. Qinisa ukususwa kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus.
Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo, imodi yokuqala ibala ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke, ifinyelela ku-61%).
Phakathi kwezindlela ezintathu ezingenhla, i-MBR inomphumela ongcono wokwelapha futhi ifanelekela ezinye izindawo ezinezidingo eziphezulu zekhwalithi yamanzi, kodwa izindleko zokusebenza ziphakeme kakhulu. Izindleko zokusebenza kanye nezindleko zokwakha izindawo ezimanzi ezakhiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe be-anaerobic ziphansi kakhulu, kodwa uma zicatshangelwa ngokuphelele, kuyadingeka ukwandisa inqubo yokungenisa umoya ukuze kufezwe umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokungcola kwamanzi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle obusetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe busetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe
1. I-United States
Ngokuphathelene nohlelo lokuphatha kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe, ukwelashwa kwendle okuhlukaniswe ngokwezigaba e-United States kusebenza ngaphansi kohlaka oluphelele. Njengamanje, uhlelo lokwelashwa kwendle oluhlukaniswe ngokwezigaba e-United States lunalo ubuchwepheshe obulandelayo:
ithangi le-septic. Amathangi e-septic kanye nokwelashwa komhlaba kuyizindlela zobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Ngokusho kwedatha yocwaningo lwaseJalimane, cishe u-32% wendle ufanelekile ukuhlanzwa komhlaba, kanti u-10-20% wawo awufaneleki. Imbangela yokwehluleka kungaba ukuthi uhlelo lungcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, njengokuthi: isikhathi esiningi sokusetshenziswa; umthwalo we-hydraulic oweqile; izinkinga zokuklama nokufakwa; izinkinga zokuphathwa kokusebenza, njll.
Isihlungi sesihlabathi. Ukuhlunga isihlabathi kuyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yokwelapha indle e-United States, engafeza umphumela omuhle wokususa.
Ukwelashwa nge-aerobic. Ukwelashwa nge-aerobic kusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi e-United States, futhi isikali sokwelashwa ngokuvamile siyi-1.5-5.7t/ngosuku, kusetshenziswa indlela ye-biological turntable noma indlela ye-activated sludge. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-United States nayo ibeke ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuphathweni okuphumelelayo kokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. Iningi le-nitrogen e-United States litholakala emanzini angcolile. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa izindleko zokucubungula ezilandelayo ngokuhlukaniswa kusenesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukubulala amagciwane, ukususwa kwezakhamzimba, ukuhlukaniswa komthombo, kanye nokususwa kanye nokululama kwe-N kanye ne-P.
2. IJapane
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle obusetshenziswa kabanzi eJapane buyaziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwayo lokuhlanza amathangi endle. Imithombo yendle yasekhaya eJapane ihlukile kancane kuleyo esezweni lakithi. Iqoqwa kakhulu ngokwezigaba zamanzi angcolile okuwasha kanye namanzi angcolile asekhishini.
Amathangi e-septic eJapane afakwa ezindaweni ezingafanele ukuqoqwa kwenethiwekhi yamapayipi futhi lapho inani labantu liphansi khona. Amathangi e-septic aklanyelwe imiphakathi ehlukene kanye nemingcele. Nakuba amathangi e-septic amanje eshintshwa kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye, asabuswa yizinki. Ngemva kwe-reactor ye-AO, i-anaerobic, i-deoxidizing, i-aerobic, i-sedimentation, i-disinfection nezinye izinqubo, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ithangi le-septic le-A lisebenza ngokujwayelekile. Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwamathangi e-septic eJapane akuyona nje inkinga yobuchwepheshe, kodwa uhlelo lokuphatha oluphelele ngaphansi kohlaka oluphelele lwezomthetho, okwakha icala eliphumelelayo. Njengamanje, kunezimo zokusetshenziswa kwamathangi e-septic ezweni lethu, futhi kufanele kushiwo ukuthi kukhona nezimakethe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Amazwe afana neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-Indonesia, nePhilippines nawo athintwa yinqubomgomo yokwelashwa kwendle yaseJapane ehlukaniswe ngokwezigaba. IMalaysia ne-Indonesia zakhe imininingwane yazo yobuchwepheshe yasekhaya kanye neziqondiso zamathangi e-septic, kodwa empeleni lezi zincazelo kanye neziqondiso kungenzeka zingafaneleki esimweni sazo samanje sokuthuthukiswa komnotho.
3. I-European Union
Eqinisweni, kunezinye izizwe ezithuthukile ngokomnotho nangokwezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwe-EU, kanye nezinye izifunda ezisalele emuva ngokomnotho nangokwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokuphathelene nentuthuko yomnotho, zifana nezimo zezwe laseShayina. Ngemva kokufinyelela intuthuko kwezomnotho, i-EU isebenza kanzima ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa kwendle, futhi ngo-2005 yadlula indinganiso ye-EU EN12566-3 yokwelashwa kwendle okusatshalaliswa kancane. Le ndinganiso kufanele kushiwo njengendlela yokuvumelanisa izinyathelo nezimo zendawo, izimo zendawo, njll., ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene bokwelapha, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa amathangi okungcola kanye nokwelashwa komhlaba. Phakathi kwezinye izindinganiso, izikhungo eziphelele, izitshalo ezincane zokwelashwa kwendle kanye nezinhlelo zangaphambi kokwelashwa nazo zifakiwe.
4. INdiya
Ngemva kokwethula kafushane amacala amazwe amaningana athuthukile, ake ngethule isimo samazwe asathuthuka eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia aseduze kakhulu nezifunda zezwe lami ezingathuthukile ngokomnotho. Indle yasekhaya eNdiya ivela kakhulu emanzini angcolile asekhishini. Ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa kwendle, ubuchwepheshe bamathangi endle njengamanje busetshenziswa kakhulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Kodwa inkinga evamile ifana neyezwe lethu, okungukuthi, zonke izinhlobo zokungcola kwamanzi zisobala kakhulu. Ngokusekelwa nguHulumeni waseNdiya, izenzo nezinhlelo zokukhulisa ngempumelelo amathangi endle ziyaqhubeka, kanye nemininingwane yokwelashwa kwamathangi endle kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuxiliswa kokuxhumana.
5. I-Indonesia
I-Indonesia itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Nakuba intuthuko yezomnotho yasemakhaya iphansi kakhulu, indle yasekhaya yabantu bendawo ichithelwa kakhulu emifuleni. Ngakho-ke, izimo zezempilo zasemakhaya eMalaysia, eThailand, eVietnam nakwamanye amazwe azinathemba. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi okungcola e-Indonesia kubalelwa ku-50%, futhi baklame nezinqubomgomo ezifanele zokukhuthaza izindinganiso zokusetshenziswa kwamathangi okungcola e-Indonesia.
Ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe lwakwamanye amazwe
Ngamafuphi, amazwe athuthukile anolwazi oluningi oluthuthukisiwe izwe lami elingafunda kulo: uhlelo lokulinganisa emazweni athuthukile luphelele kakhulu futhi lujwayelekile, futhi kukhona uhlelo lokuphatha ukusebenza olusebenzayo, okuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa kobungcweti kanye nemfundo yomphakathi. , kuyilapho izimiso zokuphathwa kwendle emazweni athuthukile zicacile kakhulu.
Ngokukhethekile faka: (1) Ukucacisa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphathwa kwendle, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbuso usekela ukuphathwa kwendle okuhlukaniswe ngezimali nezinqubomgomo; ukwakha amazinga ahambisanayo okulawula nokuqondisa ukuphathwa kwendle okuhlukaniswe ngezimali; (2) ukusungula uhlelo lokuphatha olufanele, olujwayelekile, nolusebenzayo kanye nokuphathwa kwemboni ukuqinisekisa intuthuko ephumelelayo kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kokuphathwa kwendle okuhlukaniswe ngezimali; (3) Ukuthuthukisa ubukhulu, ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi, kanye nokukhethekile kokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezikhungo zendle ezihlukaniswe ngezimali ukuqinisekisa izinzuzo, ukunciphisa izindleko, kanye nokwenza lula ukubhekwa; (4) Ubuchwepheshe (5) ukumemezela kanye nemfundo kanye namaphrojekthi okuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi, njll.
Enkambisweni yokusebenzisa okungokoqobo, ulwazi oluphumelelayo kanye nezifundo zokwehluleka kufingqwa ukuze kufezwe intuthuko eqhubekayo yobuchwepheshe bokwelapha indle obusetshenziswa kabanzi ezweni lami.
I-Cr.antop
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-13-2023