Iningi labantu bezwe lakithi lihlala emadolobheni amancane nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni, futhi ukungcoliswa kwendle ezindaweni zasemakhaya endaweni yamanzi kuye kwadonsa ukunaka okwandayo.Ngaphandle kwezinga eliphansi lokuhlanza indle esifundeni esisentshonalanga, izinga lokuhlanza indle ezindaweni zasemaphandleni zezwe lami liye lenyuka ngokuvamile.Nokho, izwe lami linendawo enkulu, futhi izimo zemvelo, imikhuba yokuphila kanye nezimo zomnotho zamadolobhana namadolobhana ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene ziyahlukahluka.Indlela yokwenza umsebenzi omuhle ekuhlanzeni indle ngokwezimo zendawo, isipiliyoni samazwe athuthukile kufanelekile ukufunda.
ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bezwe lami bokuhlanza indle
Kukhona ikakhulukazi lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle ezweni lami (bona Umfanekiso 1): ubuchwepheshe be-biofilm, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza udaka obucushiwe, ubuchwepheshe bokwelashwa kwemvelo, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa komhlaba, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuhlanganisiwe bebhayoloji nemvelo.Iziqu zokufaka isicelo, futhi ube namacala aphumelelayo okuphathwa kokusebenza.Ngokombono wesilinganiso sokuhlanza indle, umthamo wokuhlanza amanzi ngokuvamile ungaphansi kwamathani angama-500.
1. Ubuhle kanye nokubi ngobuchwepheshe bokukhuculula indle ezindaweni zasemakhaya
Emsebenzini wokuhlanza indle yasemaphandleni, ubuchwepheshe benqubo ngayinye bubonisa izinzuzo nezingozi ezilandelayo:
Indlela yodaka ecushiwe: isilawuli esivumelana nezimo nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo, kodwa izindleko ezimaphakathi ngomuzi ngamunye ziphezulu, futhi kudingeka izisebenzi ezikhethekile ukuze zisebenze futhi zilungiswe.
Ubuchwepheshe bezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezakhiwe: izindleko zokwakha eziphansi, kodwa izinga eliphansi lokususa kanye nokusebenza nokuphatha okungalungile.
Ukwelashwa komhlaba: ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza nokunakekelwa kulula, futhi izindleko ziphansi, kodwa zingase zingcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi zidinga ukusebenza isikhathi eside nokuphathwa kokunakekelwa.
I-Biological Turntable + plant bed: ilungele indawo eseningizimu, kodwa kunzima ukuyisebenzisa nokuyinakekela.
Isiteshi esincane sokuhlanza indle: eduze kwendlela yokwelapha indle yasekhaya yasemadolobheni.Okuhle ukuthi izinga lamanzi angcolile lihle, futhi okubi ukuthi awakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zendle yezolimo yasemakhaya.
Nakuba ezinye izindawo zikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe bokukhuculula indle ezindaweni zasemakhaya “ezingenawo amandla”, ubuchwepheshe bokukhuculula indle “obunamandla” busabambela ingxenye enkulu.Njengamanje, ezindaweni eziningi zasemaphandleni, umhlaba wabelwe imizi, futhi kunezindawo zomphakathi ezimbalwa, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa komhlaba ezindaweni ezithuthukile kwezomnotho liphansi kakhulu.Izinsiza zomhlaba eziphezulu, ezincane ezitholakalayo zokuhlanza indle.Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle "ashukumisayo" bunethuba elihle lokufaka isicelo ezindaweni ezinokusetshenziswa okuncane komhlaba, umnotho othuthukisiwe kanye nezidingo eziphezulu zekhwalithi yamanzi.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhuculula indle okonga ugesi nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa sebuphenduke inkambiso yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhuculula indle emakhaya ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasemadolobheni.
2. Imodi yokuhlanganisa yobuchwepheshe bokukhuculula indle ezindaweni zasemakhaya
inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle yezwe lami ikakhulukazi inalezi zindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo:
Imodi yokuqala yi-MBR noma i-oxidation yokuxhumana noma inqubo yodaka eyenziwe yasebenza.Indle iqale ingene ethangini le-septic, bese ingena endaweni yokwelapha yebhayoloji, bese ekugcineni iphumela emanzini azungezile ukuze iphinde isetshenziswe.Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwendle ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kuvame kakhulu.
Imodi yesibili i-anaerobic + i-artificial wetland noma i-anaerobic + ichibi noma umhlaba we-anaerobic +, okungukuthi, iyunithi ye-anaerobic isetshenziswa ngemva kwethangi le-septic, futhi ngemva kokwelashwa kwemvelo, ikhishelwa endaweni ezungezile noma ingena ekusetshenzisweni kwezolimo.
Imodi yesithathu icushiwe udaka + inhlabathi emanzi yokwenziwa, udaka olucushiwe + ichibi, i-contact oxidation + indawo emanzi yokwenziwa, noma i-contact oxidation + ukwelashwa komhlaba, okungukuthi, kusetshenziswa imishini ye-aerobic ne-aeration ngemva kwethangi le-septic, futhi iyunithi yokwelapha yemvelo yengezwa Qinisa. ukususwa kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus.
Ezisetshenziswa ezingokoqobo, imodi yokuqala ilandisa ingxenye enkulu, ifinyelela ku-61%).
Phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezintathu ezingenhla, i-MBR inomphumela ongcono wokwelapha futhi ifaneleka kwezinye izindawo ezinezidingo zekhwalithi yamanzi ephezulu, kodwa izindleko zokusebenza ziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.Izindleko zokusebenza nezindleko zokwakha zezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezakhiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe be-anaerobic ziphansi kakhulu, kodwa uma kucatshangelwa kabanzi, kuyadingeka ukwandisa inqubo yokufaka umoya ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela ofaneleka kakhulu wokulahlwa kwamanzi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwendle busetshenziswa phesheya
1. I-United States
Ngokuphathelene nesistimu yokuphatha kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe, ukuhlanzwa kwendle e-United States kusebenza ngaphansi kohlaka oluphelele.Njengamanje, uhlelo lokuhlanza indle elise-United States ngokuyinhloko lunalabu buchwepheshe obulandelayo:
ithangi le-septic.Amathangi e-Septic kanye nokwelashwa komhlaba ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ubuchwepheshe bangaphandle.Ngokusho kwedatha yocwaningo lwaseJalimane, cishe i-32% yendle ifanele ukwelashwa komhlaba, lapho i-10-20% ingafaneleki.Isizathu sokwehluleka kungase kube ukuthi uhlelo lungcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, njengokuthi: isikhathi sokusetshenziswa ngokweqile;umthwalo we-hydraulic ngokweqile;izinkinga zokuklama nokufaka;izinkinga zokuphatha ukusebenza, njll.
isihlungi sesihlabathi.Ukuhlunga kwesihlabathi ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza indle obuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu e-United States, obungakwazi ukufeza umphumela omuhle wokususa.
Ukwelashwa kwe-Aerobic.Ukwelashwa kwe-Aerobic kusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi e-United States, futhi isikali sokwelapha ngokuvamile singu-1.5-5.7t/d, kusetshenziswa indlela ye-biological turntable noma indlela yodaka eyenziwe yasebenza.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-United States iphinde yafaka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuphatheni ngempumelelo ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus.Iningi le-nitrogen e-United States litholakala emanzini angcolile.Kubalulekile ukunciphisa izindleko zokucubungula ezilandelayo ngokuhlukana kusenesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukubulawa kwamagciwane, ukususwa kwezakhi, ukuhlukaniswa komthombo, nokususwa kwe-N no-P nokululama.
2. Japan
Ubuchwepheshe baseJapan bokuhlanza indle baziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwayo lokwelapha ithangi le-septic.Imithombo yendle yasekhaya eJapane ihluke ngandlela thile kuleyo yasezweni lakithi.Iqoqwa ngokuyinhloko ngokwezigaba zamanzi angcolile elondolo kanye namanzi angcolile asekhishini.
Amathangi e-Septic e-Japan afakwe ezindaweni ezingafanele ukuqoqwa kwenethiwekhi yamapayipi nalapho ukuminyana kwabantu kuphansi kakhulu.Amathangi e-Septic aklanyelwe abantu abahlukene namapharamitha.Nakuba amathangi amanje e-septic ashintshwa kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye, asabuswa osinki.Ngemuva kwe-AO reactor, i-anaerobic, i-deoxidizing, i-aerobic, i-sedimentation, i-disinfection nezinye izinqubo, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ithangi le-A septic lisebenza ngokujwayelekile.Ukusetshenziswa okuyimpumelelo kwamathangi e-septic e-Japan akuyona nje inkinga yobuchwepheshe, kodwa uhlelo lokuphatha oluphelele ngaphansi kohlaka oluphelele lwezomthetho, olwenza icala eliphumelele ngokuqhathaniswa.Njengamanje, kunezimo zokusetshenziswa kwamathangi e-septic ezweni lakithi, futhi kufanele kushiwo ukuthi kunezimakethe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.Amazwe afana neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-Indonesia, ne-Philippines nawo athintwa inqubomgomo yase-Japan yokuhanjiswa kwendle.I-Malaysia ne-Indonesia bazenzele ezazo izicaciso zobuchwepheshe zasekhaya nemihlahlandlela yamathangi e-septic, kodwa empeleni lezi zicaciso nemihlahlandlela ingase ingafaneleki isimo sazo sokuthuthukiswa komnotho samanje.
3. I-European Union
Eqinisweni, akhona amazwe athuthuke ngokwezomnotho nangokwezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwe-EU, kanye nezinye izifunda ezisalele emuva ngokwezomnotho nangokwezobuchwepheshe.Mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komnotho, zifana nezimo zezwe laseShayina.Ngemva kokuzuza impumelelo yezomnotho, i-EU nayo isebenza kanzima ukuze ithuthukise ukuhlanzwa kwendle, futhi ngo-2005 yaphasisa indinganiso ye-EU engu-EN12566-3 yokuhlanza indle ezindaweni ezincane.Leli zinga kufanele kushiwo ukuthi liyindlela yokujwayela izinyathelo ezimweni zendawo, izimo zendawo, njll., ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile bokwelapha, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa amathangi e-septic kanye nokwelashwa komhlaba.Phakathi kolunye uchungechunge lwamazinga, izinsiza eziphelele, izindawo zokukhuculula indle ezincane kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanza ngaphambi kwesikhathi nazo zifakiwe.
4. ENdiya
Ngemva kokwethula kafushane amacala amazwe amaningana athuthukile, ake ngethule isimo samazwe asathuthuka aseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia asondelene kakhulu nezifunda zezwe lami ezingathuthukile ngokwezomnotho.Indle yasendlini eNdiya iphuma ikakhulukazi emanzini angcolile asekhishini.Mayelana nokwelashwa kwendle, ubuchwepheshe bethangi le-septic okwamanje busetshenziswa kakhulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.Kodwa inkinga evamile ifana neyezwe lakithi, okungukuthi, zonke izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwamanzi zisobala kakhulu.Ngosizo lukaHulumeni waseNdiya, izenzo nezinhlelo zokukhuphula ngempumelelo amathangi e-septic ziyaqhubeka, nokucaciswa kokwelashwa kwethangi le-septic kanye nobuchwepheshe be-oxidation yokuxhumana.
5. I-Indonesia
I-Indonesia itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo.Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wasemaphandleni kuhlehla, indle yasekhaya yezakhamuzi zendawo ichithwa kakhulu emifuleni.Ngakho-ke, izimo zezempilo zasemaphandleni eMalaysia, Thailand, Vietnam nakwamanye amazwe azinathemba.Ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi e-septic e-Indonesia kubiza u-50%, futhi benze nezinqubomgomo ezifanele ukukhuthaza imikhuba nezindinganiso zokusebenzisa amathangi e-septic e-Indonesia.
Umuzwa wangaphandle othuthukile
Ukufingqa kafushane, amazwe athuthukile anokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi okuthuthukile izwe lami elingakufunda kukho: uhlelo lokumisa emazweni athuthukile luphelele kakhulu futhi lusezingeni, futhi kunohlelo lokuphatha olusebenzayo, okuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe kanye nemfundo yomphakathi., kuyilapho izimiso zokuhlanza indle emazweni athuthukile zicace kakhulu.
Faka ngokukhethekile: (1) Cacisa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanza indle, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbuso usekela ukuphathwa kwendle ngokusakazwa ngezimali nangezinqubomgomo;ukwakha izindinganiso ezihambisanayo zokulawula kanye nokuqondisa ukuthuthwa kwendle;(2) ukusungula uhlelo lokuphatha olunobulungiswa, olusezingeni, nolusebenzayo kanye nohlelo lokuphatha imboni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kokuthuthwa kwendle;(3) Ukuthuthukisa izinga, ukuhlalisana kwabantu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezindawo zokukhucululwa kwendle ezisabalalisiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinzuzo, kuncishiswe izindleko, futhi kube lula ukugadwa;(4) Ubungcweti (5) bokukhangisa kanye nemfundo kanye namaphrojekthi wokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi, njll.
Enqubweni yokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo, isipiliyoni esiyimpumelelo kanye nezifundo zokwehluleka kuyafingqwa ukuze kufezeke intuthuko esimeme yobuchwepheshe bezwe lami bokukhuculula indle.
I-Cr.antop
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-13-2023