1. Ziyini izinto ezibangela ukuvuvukala, izinto ezibangela ukuvuvukala kanye neziqeda ukuvuvukala?
Lezi zinto zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa okuhlukene ekwelashweni kokuhlunga kwe-sludge press:
I-Flocculant: ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-coagulant, ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuqinisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-solid-liquid, esetshenziswa ethangini lokuqala le-sedimentation, ethangini lesibili le-sedimentation, ethangini le-flotation kanye nokwelashwa kwe-tertiary noma inqubo yokwelapha ethuthukisiwe.
Usizo lokujiya: Ama-flocculant asizayo adlala indima ekuthuthukiseni umphumela wokujiya.
Isithambisi: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ejenti yokususa amanzi, isetshenziselwa ukulungisa udaka olusele ngaphambi kokususa amanzi, futhi izinhlobo zayo zifaka phakathi ezinye ze-flocculants kanye ne-coagulants okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla.
2. I-Flocculant
Ama-flocculant ayizinhlobo zezinto ezinganciphisa noma ziqede ukuzinza kwemvula kanye nokuzinza kwe-polymerization yezinhlayiya ezihlakazekile emanzini, futhi zenze izinhlayiya ezihlakazekile zihlangane futhi ziqhume zibe yizinhlayiya ezizosuswa.
Ngokusho kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ama-flocculant angahlukaniswa abe ama-flocculant angaphili kanye nama-flocculant angaphili.
Ama-flocculant angaphili
Ama-flocculant endabuko angaphili angama-molecule aphansi kasawoti we-aluminium kanye nosawoti wensimbi. Usawoti we-aluminium ikakhulukazi uhlanganisa i-aluminium sulfate (AL2(SO4)3∙18H2O), i-alum (AL2(SO4)3∙K2SO4∙24H2O), i-sodium aluminate (NaALO3), usawoti wensimbi ikakhulukazi uhlanganisa i-ferric chloride (FeCL3∙6H20), i-ferrous sulfate (FeSO4∙6H20) kanye ne-ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3∙2H20).
Ngokuvamile, ama-flocculant angaphili anezici zokutholakala kalula kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukulungiswa okulula, intengo ephansi, kanye nomphumela wokwelapha omaphakathi, ngakho-ke asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi.
I-flocculant ye-polymer engakhiqizi
Ama-polymer asekelwe ku-hydroxyl kanye ne-oxygen e-Al(III) kanye ne-Fe(III) azohlanganiswa abe ama-aggregates, azogcinwa esixazululweni samanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, futhi usayizi wawo wezinhlayiya uzoba sebangeni le-nanometer. Umphumela womthamo ophezulu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa amazinga abo okusabela kanye nokwakheka kwe-polymer, ukusabela kwe-polymer ye-aluminium kuthambile futhi ukuma kwayo kuzinzile, kuyilapho i-polymer e-hydrolyzed yensimbi isabela ngokushesha futhi kalula ilahlekelwa ukuqina futhi ivele.
Izinzuzo zama-flocculant e-polymer angaphili zibonakala ngokuthi asebenza kahle kakhulu kune-flocculant yendabuko efana ne-aluminium sulfate kanye ne-ferric chloride, futhi ashibhile kune-flocculant e-polymer engaphili. Manje i-Polyaluminum chloride isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ezinqubweni ezahlukene zokwelashwa kwamanzi, amanzi angcolile ezimbonini kanye nendle yasemadolobheni, okuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukwelashwa okuphakathi kanye nokwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe, futhi kancane kancane isibe yi-flocculant eyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, ngokwesimo, izinga le-polymerization kanye nomphumela ohambisanayo we-coagulation-flocculation, ama-flocculant e-polymer angaphili asesesikhundleni phakathi kwama-flocculant ensimbi yendabuko kanye nama-flocculant e-polymer engaphili.
I-Polyaluminum chloride, i-pac,msds policloruro de aluminio,cas no 1327 41 9,policloruro de aluminio,ikhemikhali ye-pac yokwelapha amanzi,i-poly aluminium chloride,ebizwa ngokuthi i-PAC, inefomula yamakhemikhali i-ALn(OH)mCL3n-m. I-PAC iyi-electrolyte ene-multivalent enganciphisa kakhulu i-colloidal charge yokungcola okufana nobumba (ama-multiple negative charges) emanzini. Ngenxa yobuningi obukhulu bama-molecule kanye namandla aqinile okumunca, ama-floc akhiwe makhulu, futhi ukusebenza kwe-flocculation kanye ne-sedimentation kungcono kunezinye i-flocculants.
I-poly aluminium chloride inezinga eliphezulu le-polymerization, futhi ukuxubha okusheshayo ngemva kokungeza kunganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokwakheka kwe-floc. I-poly aluminium chloride I-PAC ayithinteki kakhulu izinga lokushisa lamanzi, futhi isebenza kahle uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphansi. Yehlisa inani le-pH lamanzi lincane, futhi ububanzi be-pH obufanele bubanzi (bungasetshenziswa ebangeni le-pH=5~9), ngakho-ke akudingekile ukwengeza i-alkaline agent. Umthamo we-PAC mncane, inani lodaka olukhiqizwayo nalo lincane, futhi ukusetshenziswa, ukuphathwa kanye nokusebenza kulula kakhulu, futhi futhi ayiboli kakhulu emishinini nasemapayipini. Ngakho-ke, i-PAC inomkhuba wokufaka kancane kancane i-aluminium sulfate emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi, futhi ukungathandeki kwayo ukuthi intengo iphakeme kuneye-flocculants yendabuko.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono we-chemistry yesisombululo,I-PAC poly aluminium chloridekungumkhiqizo ophakathi we-kinetic wenqubo yokusabela kwe-hydrolysis-polymerization-precipitation kasawoti we-aluminium, okungazinzile ngokwe-thermodynamically. Ngokuvamile, imikhiqizo ye-PAC ewuketshezi kufanele isetshenziswe esikhathini esifushane (imikhiqizo eqinile inokusebenza okuzinzile). , ingagcinwa isikhathi eside). Ukwengeza usawoti othile we-inorganic (njenge-CaCl2, i-MnCl2, njll.) noma ama-macromolecule (njenge-polyvinyl alcohol, i-polyacrylamide, njll.) kungathuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-PAC, futhi kungandisa ikhono lokubumbana.
Ngokuphathelene nenqubo yokukhiqiza, i-anion eyodwa noma eziningana ezahlukene (njenge-SO42-, PO43-, njll.) zifakwa enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ye-PAC, futhi isakhiwo se-polymer kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-morphological kungashintshwa ngezinga elithile nge-polymerization, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwe-PAC; uma ezinye izingxenye ze-cationic, njenge-Fe3+, zifakwa enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ye-PAC ukuze kwenziwe i-Al3+ kanye ne-Fe3+ staggered hydrolytically polymerized, i-composite flocculant polyaluminum iron ingatholakala.
I-flocculant ye-polymer yemvelo
Ama-flocculant e-polymer e-organic akhiqizwayo ikakhulukazi yi-polypropylene kanye nezinto ze-polyethylene, njenge-polyacrylamide kanye ne-polyethyleneimine. Lawa ma-flocculant angama-macromolecule aqondile ancibilikayo emanzini, i-macromolecule ngayinye inamayunithi amaningi aphindaphindayo aqukethe amaqembu ashajekile, ngakho-ke abizwa nangokuthi ama-polyelectrolyte. Lawo aqukethe amaqembu ashajekile kahle angama-cationic polyelectrolyte, kanti lawo aqukethe amaqembu ashajekile kabi angama-anionic polyelectrolyte, angenawo amaqembu ashajekile kahle noma ashajekile kahle, futhi abizwa ngokuthi ama-nonionic polyelectrolyte.
Njengamanje, ama-polymer flocculant asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-anionic, futhi angadlala indima kuphela ekusizeni ukujiya kokungcola kwe-colloidal okushajelwe kabi emanzini. Ngokuvamile awakwazi ukusetshenziswa wodwa, kodwa asetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa nosawoti we-aluminium kanye nosawoti wensimbi. Ama-cationic flocculant angadlala indima yokujiya kanye nokujiya ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi asetshenziswa wodwa, ngakho-ke athuthuke ngokushesha.
Njengamanje, ama-polymer angewona ama-ionic e-polyacrylamide asetshenziswa kaningi ezweni lakithi, avame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa nosawoti wensimbi nowe-aluminium. Umphumela wokunciphisa amandla kagesi kasawoti wensimbi nowe-aluminium ezinhlayiyeni ze-colloidal kanye nomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu we-flocculant we-polymer flocculants kusetshenziselwa ukuthola imiphumela yokwelapha eyanelisayo. I-Polyacrylamide inezici zomthamo omncane, isivinini sokujiya okusheshayo, kanye nama-floc amakhulu naqinile asetshenziswayo. Ama-80% ama-flocculant e-polymer enziwe ngezinto eziphilayo akhiqizwa ezweni lakithi njengamanje yilo mkhiqizo.
I-flocculant ye-Polyacrylamide
I-Polyacrylamide PAM, ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyelectrolyte, i-polyelectrolyte cationic powder, i-cationic polyelectrolyte, i-cationic polymer, i-cationic polyacrylamide iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu i-synthetic organic polymer flocculant, i-polyelectrolyte, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa njenge-coagulant. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhiqizwayo ze-polyacrylamide yi-polyacrylonitrile CH2=CHCN. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, i-acrylonitrile iyashiswa ukuze yakhe i-acrylamide, bese i-acrylamide ifakwa ku-suspension polymerization ukuze ithole i-polyacrylamide. I-Polyacrylamide iyi-resin encibilikayo emanzini, futhi imikhiqizo iyisisombululo samanzi esiqinile futhi esiqinile esinokugxila okuthile.
Uhlobo lwangempela lwe-polyacrylamide emanzini yi-random coil. Ngenxa yokuthi i-random coil inosayizi wezinhlayiya ezithile kanye namaqembu athile e-amide ebusweni bayo, ingadlala amandla okuhlanganisa nokufaka amanzi, okungukuthi, inosayizi wezinhlayiya ezithile.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi uchungechunge olude lwe-polyacrylamide lugoqekile lwaba yi-coil, ububanzi balo bokubopha buncane. Ngemva kokuba amaqembu amabili e-amide exhunyiwe, kufana nokukhanselwa kokusebenzisana kanye nokulahlekelwa izindawo ezimbili zokungenisa amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amaqembu e-amide ahlanganiswe nesakhiwo se-coil. Ingaphakathi layo alikwazi ukuxhumana nokumunca izinhlayiya ezingcolile emanzini, ngakho-ke amandla alo okungenisa amanzi awakwazi ukusebenza ngokugcwele.
Ukuze bahlukanise amaqembu e-amide axhunyiwe futhi baveze amaqembu e-amide afihliwe ngaphandle, abantu bazama ukwelula i-coil engahleliwe ngendlela efanele, futhi bazama ngisho nokwengeza amanye amaqembu ane-cation noma ama-anion ku-long molecular chain, ngenkathi bethuthukisa ikhono lokumunca kanye nokubopha kanye nomphumela wokungaguquguquki kukagesi kanye nokucindezelwa kwe-electric double layer. Ngale ndlela, uchungechunge lwe-polyacrylamide flocculants noma ama-coagulants anezakhiwo ezahlukene lutholakala ngesisekelo se-PAM.
Ekwelashweni kokujiya kwamanzi amdaka, ngezinye izikhathi i-flocculant eyodwa ayikwazi ukufeza umphumela omuhle wokujiya, futhi kuvame ukudingeka ukwengeza ezinye izinto ezisizayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokujiya. Le agent esizayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-coagulant aid. Ama-coagulant asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-chlorine, i-lime, i-activated silicic acid, i-bone glue kanye ne-sodium alginate, i-activated carbon kanye nobumba obuhlukahlukene.
Amanye ama-coagulant ngokwawo awadlali indima ekujiyileni, kodwa ngokulungisa nokuthuthukisa izimo zokujiyile, adlala indima yokusiza ama-flocculant ukuthi akhiqize imiphumela yokujiyile. Amanye ama-coagulant ahlanganyela ekwakhekeni kwama-floc, athuthukise isakhiwo sama-floc, futhi angenza ama-floc amahle nakhululekile akhiqizwa ama-flocculant angaphili abe ama-floc amakhulu naqinile.
4. Isithambisi-moya
Ama-conditioner, aziwa nangokuthi ama-dehydrating agents, angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: ama-conditioner angaphili kanye nama-conditioner angaphili. Ama-conditioner angaphili ngokuvamile afanelekela ukuhlunga i-vacuum kanye nokuhlunga ipuleti kanye nohlaka lwe-sludge, kuyilapho ama-conditioner angaphili afanelekela ukuhlanza i-centrifugal kanye nokuhlanza i-belt filter ye-sludge.
5. ubudlelwano phakathiama-flocculant, ama-coagulant, kanye nama-conditioner
I-ejenti yokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni iyi-ejenti engezwa ngaphambi kokuba udaka luphele, okungukuthi, i-ejenti yokulungisa amanzi emzimbeni, ngakho-ke incazelo ye-ejenti yokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni kanye ne-ejenti yokulungisa amanzi emzimbeni iyafana. Umthamo we-ejenti yokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni noma i-ejenti yokulungisa amanzi emzimbeni ngokuvamile ubalwa njengephesenti lesisindo sezinto eziqinile ezomile zodaka.
Ama-flocculant asetshenziselwa ukususa izinto eziqinile ezilengayo emanzini angcolile futhi ayizinto ezibalulekile emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi. Umthamo we-flocculant ngokuvamile uboniswa yinani elingeziwe kumthamo wamanzi okufanele aphathwe.
Umthamo we-ejenti yokudambisa amanzi (i-conditioner agent), i-flocculant, kanye ne-coagulation aid ungabizwa ngokuthi umthamo. I-ejenti efanayo ingasetshenziswa njenge-flocculant ekwelapheni indle, futhi ingasetshenziswa njenge-conditioner noma i-ejenti yokudambisa amanzi ekwelapheni udaka oluningi.
Ama-coagulant abizwa ngokuthi ama-coagulant uma esetshenziswa njenge-flocculant emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi. Ama-coagulant afanayo ngokuvamile awabizwa ngokuthi ama-coagulant ekwelapheni udaka oluningi, kodwa abizwa ngokuthi ama-conditioner noma ama-dehydrating agents.
Uma usebenzisai-flocculant, njengoba inani lezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe emanzini lilinganiselwe, ukuze kufezwe ukuxhumana okugcwele phakathi kwe-flocculant nezinhlayiya ezilengisiwe, izindawo zokuxuba nokusabela zidinga ukuhlonyiswa isikhathi esanele. Isibonelo, ukuxuba kuthatha amashumi emizuzwana kuya kwemizuzu eminingana, Ukusabela kudinga imizuzu eyi-15 kuya kwengama-30. Uma udaka lususwa emanzini, ngokuvamile kuthatha amashumi ambalwa emizuzwana kusukela lapho i-conditioner ingezwa kudaka ingena emshinini wokukhipha amanzi, okungukuthi, inqubo yokuxuba kuphela elingana ne-flocculant, futhi akukho sikhathi sokusabela, futhi ulwazi luye lwabonisa nokuthi umphumela wokulungisa uzokhula ngokuhlala. kwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-09-2022